My Dad, born in the 60s in a predominantly Urdu-speaking environment told me about the evolution in the usage of the word “love” (Mohabbat). He mentioned that in his youth this term was deeply embedded with reverence and solemnity. It was a word they used when they talked about poetry and serious conversations which almost embodied this timeless, and divine quality of love. He said that younger generations such as myself, use this word in a more casual manner. To us, this word is not reserved for epic tales or deep, philosophical discussions but is part of everyday language. He gave an example of social media posts, casual chats, and even in pop culture. He also mentioned something that was quite an informative insight, he said how my generation tends to mix Urdu and English seamlessly (he’s not wrong though), this causes traditional words like (Mohabbat) to broaden the interpretation of love which, he mentioned was absent in his formative years. While the core spelling and pronunciation are unchanged, this evolution of language mirrors changing attitudes towards relationships, norms, and openness to expressing emotions. It’s fascinating to see how language evolves with society, the word (Mohabbat) still means love, but the way we use it today shows how our relationships and social interactions have transformed over time. This evolution in language usage hints at changes in societal norms and individual expectations around relationships. This conversation has led me to believe how generational perspectives differ when it comes to the use of language.

1)Proposition: I have globophobia 

Truth value: True 

Truth conditions: For this to be true, I need to be anxious when a balloon is around me.

Entailment: “I have Globophobia” entails “ I am fearful around balloons”

2)Proposition: all cats are reptiles

Truth value: false

Truth conditions: cats would have to be reptiles, not mammals 

Entailment: “All cats are reptiles” entails “some reptiles can purr”

3)Proposition: An undiscovered flower only blooms at midnight, in the Amazon forest

Truth value: Unknown

Truth condition: For this to be true there should be evidence of such a flower.

Entailment:” An undiscovered flower only blooms at midnight, in the Amazon forest” entails “biodiversity in the Amazon forest is not fully documented”

One word that got borrowed from English language, to my native language (Urdu) is the word “bank”. In English it is pronounced as /bæŋk/ whereas in Urdu it is also pronounced as /bæŋk/.The pronunciation in both English and Urdu are quite similar. However a subtle difference is in the articulation of the vowel and the velar nasal, because the phonemes used in “bank” (/b/,/æ/,/ŋk/) are acceptable in Urdu. The only thing is articulation which is different due to the accent and phonetic tendencies of Urdu speakers. The adaptation here is quite minimal since most of these sounds are in Urdu’s phonemic inventory. For instance the use of /b/, the open front vowel /æ/ can also accommodate the /ŋk/ cluster. This is due to the presence of the /ŋ/ sound in the language. This is one of those examples where some words are borrowed to maintain familiar sounds and structures, but at times articulation comes into play and makes slight changes to the pronunciation of the word.