1. Proposition: I have a black car.
Truth Value: True.
Truth Conditions: For this to be true, I would need to own a black car.
Entailment: “I have a black car” entails “The color of my car is dark”.
2. Proposition: I have two dogs.
Truth Value: False
Truth Conditions: For this to be true, I would need to own two dogs.
Entailment: “I have two dogs” entails “I have at least one dog”.
3. Proposition: Life exists on planets other than Earth.
Truth Value: Unknown.
Truth Conditions: For this to be true, there would need to be life that exists on planets other than Earth.
Entailment: “Life exists on planets other than Earth” entails “There is life on Mars”.

One word that I found that Japanese (borrowing language) borrowed from English (donor language) is milk. When milk, pronounced as /mɪlk/ was adapted to Japanese phonotactics and phonemic inventory, the pronunciation was changed to /miɾɯkɯ/. Several changes were made to adapt English phonotactics and phonemic inventory to Japanese phonotactics and phonemic inventory. In Japanese, there cannot be consonant clusters so to fix the English pronunciation, the vowel sound [ɯ] was added in between consonants. Along with that, the [l] sound was changed to an alveolar tap [ɾ], a sound kind of between “r” and “l” as Japanese doesn’t have the [l] sound. Finally, the syllable structure was changed. From one syllable, “milk”, to three syllables “mi ru ku”. This change allows native Japanese speakers to easily pronounce the word as there usually aren’t one syllable words in Japanese.

Throughout my life, I was always taught not to use “gonna” in writing and double negatives in speech. The reasons were because they made me sound uneducated. The teachers never gave me an actual explanation as to why I shouldn’t use them. In middle school, there was one teacher that always responded with “can you?” whenever you asked her “can I go to the bathroom?”. She explained that “can I go to the bathroom?” is not grammatically correct and “may I go to the bathroom?” is the correct way to ask. The reason she gave is “can I go to the bathroom?” is questioning your ability to physically go to the bathroom while “may I go to the bathroom?” is asking for permission. I stopped saying “can I go to the bathroom?” from that day and while I don’t use the word “gonna” in writing, I do use it when speaking to friends and use double negatives.